PIANC Open Teaching Material
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A groyne system built from stone layers, Callantsoog, the Netherlands (fig 78 from "European Coasts")
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Wooden groyne system of piles and planks; Eastbourne, UK (fig 79 from "European Coasts")
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Steel sheetpile groyne combined with a stone tip similar to those shown in fig 78; the Netherlands (fig 80 from "European Coasts")
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Detached rubble mound breakwater; north Wirral coast, near Liverpool, UK (fig 81 from "European Coasts")
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A system of detached breakwaters protects the coast of an eroding river delta; Tiber,Fiumicino, Italy (fig 82 from "Eurpean coasts")
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A T-shaped breakwater armoured with concrete units, a tombolo has formed behind it, Calabria, Italy (fig 83 from "European Coasts")
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Waves attacking the seawall, Cascais, Portugal (fig 84 from "European Coasts")
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Wave overtopping; north Wirral coast, near Liverpool, uk (from "European Coasts")
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Curved seawall near Dymchurch, UK (fig. 86 from "European Coasts")
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Dune foot revetment with tetrapods, Sylt, Germany (fig. 87 from "European Coasts")
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A dyke as a part of the sea defence, Vlissingen (Flushing), the Netherlands (fig 88 from "European Coasts")
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The cosntruction of a dyke, the Netherlands (fig 89 from "European Coasts")
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Sand is brought to the beach by a pipe connected to a dredger during beach nourishment operations at Wenningstedt, Sylt, Germany (fig 90 from "European Coasts")
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A bulldozer pushes sand into place during beach nourishment operations at Kampen, Sylt, Germany (fig 91 form "European Coasts)
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stockpile nourishments
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Widening of a narrow beach: Castilla, Spain (figure 93 from "European Coasts")
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principle of inshore nourishment (figure 94 from "European Coasts")
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Beach nourishment at the eastern side of the Zeebrugge breakwater. Erosion due to interruption of the sediment transport has been overcome by nourishment; Belgium
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beach nourishment (fig. 96 form "Eurpoean Coasts")
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Dune erosion; the erosion has proceeded behind the groynes (Belgium) (fig 97 from European Coasts)
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Dune foot nourishment, Katwijk, the Netherlands (fig. 98 from European Coasts)
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The situation in 1978 before the 2nd stockpile nourishment at Sylt, Germany (fig 99 from European Coasts)
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The situation just after the 2nd stockpile nourishment, Sylt, Germany (fig. 100 from European Coasts)
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The situation one year after the 1997 nourishment, The sand has been distributed along the coast, Sylt, Germany (fig 101 from European Coasts)
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Storm surge barrier in Eastern Scheldt, the Netherlands (fig 102 from European Coasts)
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Storm surge barrier in the Roterdam Waterway, the Netherlands (fig 103 from European Coasts)
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Positioning of one of the sperical joints, The Netherlands (fig 104 from European Coast, foto Min. Public Works [Meetkundige Dienst])
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St. Marc's square during one of the frequent floods in Venice, Italy (fig 105 from European coasts, photo Arici, CVN)
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Satellite view of the Venice lagoon with shore protection works (fig. 106 from European Coasts, photo from Frqanco & Tomasicchio, 1992)
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Final design of the mobile storm surge barrier in "storm positon", Venice Italy (fig. 107 from European coasts, photo Technical)
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